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Product | Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1) is a 28-amino-acid acetylated polypeptide originally isolated from thymic tissue extract. Operating as a master modulator of adaptive and innate immunity, Thymosin Alpha-1 agonizes Toll-Like Receptors (TLR2 and TLR9) on dendritic cells, promotes the differentiation of CD34+ progenitor cells into mature CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and upregulates Th1 cytokine expression (IFN-γ, IL-2). Modern Aminos supplies analytical-grade Thymosin Alpha-1 in a 10MG lyophilized dry solid 2R glass vial format strictly for in vitro laboratory research, lymphocyte differentiation assays, and immune bioenergetics screening.

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What is Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)?

Thymosin Alpha-1 (commonly abbreviated as TA-1 or Thymalfasin) is an acetylated 28-amino-acid polypeptide hormone originally isolated from thymic fraction V. Synthesized to replicate the primary active sequence of endogenous thymosin, Thymosin Alpha-1 functions as a major humoral factor governing T-cell development and cellular immunocompetence.

Operating across both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, Thymosin Alpha-1 binds Toll-Like Receptors (primarily TLR2 and TLR9) on immature myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages, activating MyD88-dependent signaling cascades. This interaction stimulates the maturation of thymic CD34+ progenitor cells into functional CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, drives Th1-type cytokine production (including interferon-gamma and interleukin-2), and upregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I presentation on target cell membranes.

Batch-verified for high analytical purity at Modern Aminos, Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1) is offered as a 10MG lyophilized dry solid in a 2R glass vial. Researchers evaluating lymphocyte proliferation kinetics, dendritic cell costimulatory expression, and antiviral cellular defense study Thymosin Alpha-1 alongside complementary immunomodulatory and bioregulatory reference standards available on the site, such as KPV, LL-37, Glutathione, and Chonluten.

Chemical and Molecular Data

Compound Name Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1 / Thymalfasin)
Format / Quantity 10MG Lyophilized Dry Powder in 2R Glass Vial
Biological Target Thymic Lymphoid Tissue & Innate/Adaptive Immune Receptors (TLR2 / TLR9)
Chemical Classification Acetylated Synthetic Polypeptide (Thymic Hormone Analogue)
Peptide Sequence Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH
Synonyms / Alt Names Thymalfasin, TA1, Tα1, Thymosin α1, Zadaxin Synthetic Analogue
CAS Number 69521-94-4
Chemical Formula C129H215N33O45
Molecular Weight 3108.3 g/mol
IUPAC Name N-acetyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-seryl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-isoleucyl-L-threonyl-L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-lysyl-L-lysyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-alanyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-asparagine
InChIKey InChIKey=NZVYCXVTEHPMHE-WTRFZTBJNA-N
SMILES Code Protected Polypeptide Sequence Matrix

What are the Mechanisms of Action?

The biochemical pathways and cellular targets of Thymosin Alpha-1 in laboratory research include:

  • Toll-Like Receptor (TLR2 & TLR9) Ligation: Thymosin Alpha-1 acts as an agonist at TLR2 and TLR9 on immature myeloid dendritic cells. Ligation triggers the recruitment of the adapter protein MyD88, initiating signal transduction cascades that activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), upregulating costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86) and enhancing antigen presentation.
  • T-Cell Differentiation & CD4+/CD8+ Homeostasis: In thymic lymphocyte cultures, TA-1 stimulates terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, directing their maturation into mature CD3+, CD4+ helper, and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes while optimizing the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio.
  • Th1 Cytokine Polarization & MHC Class I Expression: Thymosin Alpha-1 promotes transcription of Th1 cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), while attenuating aberrant Th2-biased signaling. Additionally, it upregulates cell-surface expression of MHC Class I and β2-microglobulin, facilitating cytotoxic recognition of pathogen-infected or aberrant cell lines.
  • Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activation & Cytotoxicity: TA-1 increases the cytotoxic lytic capability of natural killer cells by promoting perforin and granzyme expression, providing an effective model for evaluating cell-mediated tumor and viral clearance kinetics.

What do Preclinical & Academic Studies Show for Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)?

When evaluating published scientific literature and immunological monographs for Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1):

  • Immunomodulation & Antiviral Kinetics (PubMed): Comprehensive monographs cataloged on PubMed (PMID: 33362999) document Thymosin Alpha-1’s capacity to enhance lymphocyte function, restore CD4+ T-cell counts, attenuate sepsis-induced immunosuppression, and stimulate antiviral effector pathways across cell culture models.
  • Immune Restoration & Sepsis Signaling (PMC): Comprehensive biomedical reviews archived in PMC (PMC7747025) detail how TA-1 modulates cytokine release, promotes dendritic cell maturation, and suppresses lymphocyte apoptosis during chronic inflammatory and oncologic challenges.
  • Chemical Profiling & Molecular Verification (PubChem): Official structural characterization maintained on PubChem verifies the molecular mass (3108.3 g/mol), 28-amino-acid acetylated sequence, and HPLC mass spectrometry profile of CAS 62304-98-7.

How does Thymosin Alpha-1 compare to other immune and bioregulatory peptides?

To evaluate receptor targets, peptide length, and immune pathway specificity, researchers compare Thymosin Alpha-1 against alternative immunomodulating standards available at Modern Aminos:

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1) vs. KPV vs. LL-37

  • Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1): 28-amino-acid acetylated thymic peptide hormone. Acts through TLR2/TLR9 receptors to drive systemic T-cell maturation, CD4+/CD8+ balance, Th1 cytokine release (IFN-γ, IL-2), and NK cell lytic activity.
  • KPV (Lys-Pro-Val): C-terminal tripeptide fragment of α-MSH. Focuses specifically on inhibiting IκB degradation and blocking NF-κB nuclear translocation to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) without inducing T-cell differentiation.
  • LL-37: 37-amino-acid human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide. Disrupts microbial lipid bilayer integrity directly while modulating innate immune cell chemotaxis and neutralization of endotoxins (LPS).
Compound / Reference Chemical Structure & Class Primary Mechanistic Target Primary Research Focus
Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1) 28-Amino-Acid Acetylated Polypeptide TLR2 / TLR9 agonist; stimulates TdT, CD4+/CD8+ maturation, and Th1 cytokine polarization Thymic lymphocyte differentiation, dendritic cell activation, adaptive immune defense, and NK cell kinetics
KPV Synthetic Tripeptide Fragment (Lys-Pro-Val) Inhibits IκB phosphorylation and blocks NF-κB nuclear translocation Targeted anti-inflammatory cytokine suppression (TNF-α, IL-6) and mucosal epithelial protection
LL-37 37-Amino-Acid Cathelicidin Peptide Disrupts bacterial cell membranes; binds formyl peptide receptors (FPR2) to direct chemotaxis Direct antimicrobial membrane disruption, innate immune activation, and LPS neutralization

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is Modern Aminos a reliable place to buy Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1)?

Yes, Modern Aminos is a highly trusted vendor for high-purity research chemicals and reference peptides. Every batch of Thymosin Alpha-1 10mg undergoes strict third-party analytical testing (including HPLC and Mass Spectrometry) to verify minimum 98%+ chemical purity, exact 28-amino-acid sequence fidelity, correct molecular weight (3108.3 g/mol), and complete absence of heavy metals or synthesis impurities.

2. What is Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1) and what is its molecular structure?

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a synthetic 28-amino-acid polypeptide (Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN-OH) featuring an N-terminal acetyl group. It replicates the active peptide hormone naturally produced in the thymic gland.

3. What is the mechanism of action of Thymosin Alpha-1 on Toll-Like Receptors?

Thymosin Alpha-1 binds TLR2 and TLR9 on dendritic cells, initiating MyD88-dependent signaling pathways that stimulate dendritic cell maturation, antigen processing, and costimulatory molecule (CD80/CD86) expression.

4. What format and packaging does Modern Aminos offer for Thymosin Alpha-1?

Modern Aminos supplies analytical-grade Thymosin Alpha-1 as a 10MG lyophilized dry solid in a sterile 2R glass vial, ensuring solid-state stability and precise gravimetric mass control for benchtop research assays.

5. What role does Thymosin Alpha-1 play in T-lymphocyte differentiation?

TA-1 stimulates terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity to drive the maturation of immature thymic stem cells into functional CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, maintaining CD4+/CD8+ homeostasis.

6. How does Thymosin Alpha-1 compare to KPV and Crystagen?

Thymosin Alpha-1 (28 AA) operates via membrane TLR2/TLR9 activation and T-cell differentiation. Crystagen (Pro-Glu-Asp) is a short tripeptide acting epigenetically on thymic chromatin. KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) acts specifically to block NF-κB and suppress inflammatory cytokines.

7. How does Modern Aminos verify the chemical purity and mass identity of Thymosin Alpha-1?

Modern Aminos utilizes High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to confirm active chemical purity exceeding 98% and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to verify exact molecular weight (3108.3 g/mol) and 28-amino-acid sequence fidelity prior to batch release.

8. What are the recommended storage parameters for lyophilized Thymosin Alpha-1 2R glass vials?

Lyophilized Thymosin Alpha-1 glass vials should be stored tightly sealed in a cool, dry environment (15°C to 25°C) or refrigerated for long-term preservation. Protect from direct light, heat exposure, and atmospheric moisture to maintain solid-state peptide stability.

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